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Emerging green nanotechnologies even explore edible nanocarriers that come from food itself- for instance, plant-derived exosome-like vesicles have been proposed as natural nanocapsules for dietary bioactives, offering innate biocompatibility and low immunogenicity (239241)

Thus, future studies should focus on identifying specific and stable metabolic biomarkers and developing multi-targeted therapeutic drugs (Fig

Cysteine works hand in hand with glutathione to influence melanin balance

Ultimately, integrating personalized exercise medicine into healthcare and public policy offers a cost-effective strategy for preventing and managing CVD, promoting lifelong cardiovascular resilience and well-being