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Nrf2 activation attenuates oxidative stress by inducing anti-oxidant enzymes (e.g., HO-1, NQO1) which in turn reduce ROS levels

10.3390/nu8120728 Summary Keywords VPP, gut inflammation, calf, diarrhea, gut microbiome Citation Zong X, Gao Y, Du Y, Hou J, Yang L and Xu Q (2023) Effects of milk-derived bioactive peptide VPP on diarrhea of pre-weaning calves

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From a safety perspective, although international regulatory bodies, such as the EFSA and WHO, have confirmed its safety within the recommended dosage range, some studies have suggested that long-term or high-dose intake may pose potential risks, including immune dysregulation, reproductive toxicity, and hepatic or renal metabolic burdens