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doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1911.sp001481

Finally, any molecule absorbed through the gut wall must pass through the liver in what's called the 'first-pass effect,' where hepatic enzymes can further metabolize and deactivate it before it ever reaches the rest of the body

Research suggests it acts through modulation of several interconnected signaling pathways simultaneously a broad mechanism of action that helps explain its observed multisystemic effects in laboratory models, and that also makes it challenging to evaluate through conventional single-target drug development frameworks

Reduces Inflammation: LDN can help lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation throughout the body