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Regarding nephroprotective effects, allicin improved mitochondrial dysfunction in acrylamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through the upregulation of the SIRT1 signaling pathway [235]

In addition to these soluble factors, MSCs also release Exos, which are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry functional molecules such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), peptides, proteins, cytokines, and lipids to recipient cells [47,48,49]

The overall process coordinates the life-important balance between anabolism and catabolism, namely, On the one hand, biosynthetic pathways generating macromolecules by utilizing energy stored in a form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) to generate macromolecules On the other hand, catabolic pathways breaking down macromolecules into the pool of elements to cover the demand on building materials for anabolism and energy production Both parts of the whole depend directly on the healthy mitochondrial population as the powerhouse at cellular and organismal levels

10.3389/fphar.2022.977370 8 BartolomaeusH.BaloghA.YakoubM.HomannS.MarkoL.HoegesS.et al