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High urea and NaCl carbonylate proteins in renal cells in culture and in vivo , and high urea causes 8-oxoguanine lesions in their DNA

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ABCA1 adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 AMD age-related macular degeneration ATP adenosine triphosphate COX cyclooxygenase COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2 CRP C-reactive protein DDR DNA damage response ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase GLUT1 glucose transporter type 1 GSNO S-nitroglutathione GST -glutathione S-transferase HDL high-density lipoprotein HGPS Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 H2O2 hydrogen peroxide ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 IKK IB kinase IL-1 interleukin-1beta iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase IL-6 interleukin-6 JNKs c-Jun N-terminal kinases LPS lipopolysaccharide MAPKs mitogen-activated protein kinases MHC major histocompatibility complex MMP-1 matrix metalloproteinase-1 NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH-oxidase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase NCDs non-communicable diseases NF-B nuclear factor-kappa B NO nitric oxide Nrf-2 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 O2 oxygen O2 superoxide OH hydroxyl radical ONOO peroxynitrite oxLDL oxidized-low density lipoprotein PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 PGs prostaglandins PGG2 prostaglandin G2 PGH2 prostaglandin H2 PKC protein kinase C PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PP2A phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand RNS reactive nitrogen species ROS reactive oxygen species SAPS senescence-associated secretory phenotype TGF- transforming growth factor beta TNF- tumor necrosis factor- TPP triphenylphosphonium Trx thioredoxin UQ ubiquinone VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 5-LOX 5-lipoxygenase