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Analytical variables Haemogram (complete blood cell and platelet count) and biochemical analysis (folic acid, glucose, creatinine, GOT, GPT, GGT, ferritin, anti-IF antibodies)

Problems arise when: Stomach acid is low Intrinsic factor is reduced Diet lacks B12-rich foods Medications interfere with absorption Autoimmune diseases disrupt stomach function A common autoimmune condition called pernicious anemia prevents your body from producing intrinsic factor and is a frequent medical reason for deficiency

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147 For T2DM patients with borderline deficiency, screening is improved by serum homocysteine or MMA measurements as these makers are more sensitive and specific, 71 though both of these assays are significantly more expensive than serum B12