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Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial
2 Pathogenesis of IBD Since its emergence in the western world over a century ago, the epidemiology of IBD has undergone a significant shift ( 2.1 Dysbiosis of intestinal flora A reduction in the abundance and diversity of specific bacterial genera in the gut microbiota, as well as alterations in microbiota-derived metabolites, has been identified as a potential key factor in the pathogenesis of IBD ( Roseburia and Phascolarctobacterium , were markedly decreased in UC and CD patients in contrast to healthy people ( Roseburia is known for its role in promoting the generation of gut anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells ( Phascolarctobacterium metabolizes succinate to generate propionate when in co-culture with Paraprevotella ( Phascolarctobacterium populations in IBD patients may impair the production of propionate, thus diminishing the anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs and contributing to the exacerbation of IBD symptoms
found that TMAO promoted calcium/phosphate-induced calcification in the vascular smooth muscle cells of rats and human urinary system patients in a dose-dependent manner, and upregulated the expression of bone-related molecules (Runt-related transcription factor2, Runx2, and Bone morphogenetic protein-2, BMP2)
