Calpain determines the propensity of adult hippocampal neural stem cells to autophagic cell death following insulin withdrawal
Over the last two and half decades, many efforts have been made on developing and implanting in vitro protocols to successfully differentiate hPSCs into insulin-producing -cells with key features of bona fide mature -like cells using multi-stages directed differentiation protocols that recapitulate and phenocopy all specific stages of pancreas embryogenesis ( However, many protocols developed to differentiate stem cells into insulin-expressing -cells in vitro have faced a roadblock: the resulting -cells often exhibit an immature phenotype with impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) compared to cadaveric islets
For example, in 2013, Iceland and Hawaii were reported to have double the rates of thyroid cancer compared to Northern European countries, Canada, and the rest of the USA
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 11:6673 Katsikantami I, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Kalantzi OI, Tsatsakis AM, Rizos AK (2016) Review article a global assessment of phthalates burden and related links to health effects