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Lowering GSH levels also triggers ferroptosis through deactivation of GPX4, leading to accumulation of lipid peroxides [87] In some cases, GSH depletion alone can induce therapeutic effects without relying on Fenton chemistry, which typically involves HO reacting with Fe 2 to form hydroxyl radicals (OH) that damage critical biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids

Diagnostic methods Urinary 5-oxoproline can be determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [26]

UVA rays go deep into the dermis and cause long-term damage and photoaging

Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes