The results were analyzed by the 2Cq method and normalized to the expression levels of the internal control gene, -actin (24)
Example Colesevelam (Welchol) Dosage Initial: 3,750 mg daily, either in one dose or divided into two doses (available as pills or packets of powder) Maximum: 3,750 mg in one or two doses Bromocriptine-QR [Cycloset] (a dopamine agonist) Primary mechanism(s) of action Acts on the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, increasing insulin sensitivity in liver, muscle, and fat (adipose tissue) Dosage Initial: 0.8 mg once daily, within two hours of waking Maximum: 4.8 mg daily Possible side effects include: Nausea and vomiting (usually improves with continued use) Low blood pressure (hypotension) Injectable (Non-Insulin) Type 2 Diabetes Drugs There are three classes of injectable drugs approved to treat type 2 diabetes
They are not approved by the FDA for any medical use yet (unlike some peptides which are FDA-approved for certain conditions)
The literature also describes upregulation of growth factors involved in tissue repair, modulation of nitric oxide synthase activity, and effects on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems that are harder to interpret clinically [Sikiric et al., Inflammopharmacology, 2018]
