l carnitine liver ncbi Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation Impact of L-carnitine on plasma

Next, heme iron [134,135] and nitrate (added for preservation) contribute considerably to the harmful effects of red or processed meat, potentially via increased oxidative stress [136]

Therefore, carnitine pool not only affects liver metabolism, but also affects the communication and metabolic cooperation between the liver and multiple organs

CPT1A can also protect cells from apoptosis by clearing the cytoplasmic long-chain fatty acyl-CoA such as palmitoyl-CoA, and thus impede the production of palmitate/palmitoyl-CoA/ceramide involved in the apoptosis pathway activation 31

however, the absence of uniform quality control and standardization can result in variable efficacy (217)