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and is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome c to molecular oxygen ( MT-COX1-3 ) and form the catalytic subunits of the enzyme, while the other 10 are nuclear-encoded and contribute to the assembly and biogenesis of the complex ( While isolated cases of COX deficiencies owing to mtDNA mutations have been reported (Supplementary Table 2), mutations in nuclear-encoded genes have been reported as the most common cause of Complex IV deficiency (Supplementary Table 1)

In a rat model of spinal cord injury, ketogenic diet induced the activation of Nrf2 which led to the attenuation of inflammation by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) expression and of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNF, and interferon- (IFN) as well as by enhancing superoxide dismutase and decreasing myeloperoxidase activity [30]

Age-related decline in glutathione synthesis contributes to changes in cognitive function, making supplementation particularly valuable for older adults seeking to support mental acuity [5]

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.021 Kurpad AV