lack of l-carnitine in dogs Promotes Weight Loss Overweight Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs: Symptoms,

Acetyl-CoA derived from FAO not only fuels the TCA cycle to support additional ATP production but also contributes to the synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids such as cardiolipin, which is indispensable for maintaining inner membrane integrity and respiratory efficiency

It also provides hepatoprotection in metal toxicity models through pathways involving ROS inhibition and mitochondrial stabilization [93, 94]

In an experimental study conducted in rats treated with therapeutic and toxic doses of VPA, Shakoor [63] found that carnitine supplementation was able to prevent fatty infiltration and liver necrosis induced by VPA

11