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While ETC activity drives pro-ferroptotic ROS generation via electron leakage, it is also essential for anti-ferroptotic enzymes (e.g., DHODH and GPD2) that reduce mitochondrial coenzyme Q (CoQ) to ubiquinol (CoQH 2 ) (113115)

In antioxidant defence, glutathione is very important because it helps cells deal with oxidative stress and keep their internal environment stable

It remains unclear whether distinct death signals are activated sequentially, in parallel, or undergo context-dependent modulation at the single-cell or population level-particularly across different respiratory epithelial subtypes and immune cell populations under diverse stress conditions

Oxidation of methionine can generate two diastereomeres that are reduced by two different non-related enzyme families, namely MSRA (reducing methionine- S -sulfoxide) and MSRB (reducing methionine- R -sulfoxide) [52]