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150,151,152,153 In animal models with reduced F/B ratios, the expression of mucin and ZO-1 in the intestinal barrier, as well as the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, is increased, whereas the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 is inhibited, and disease symptoms are largely reversed

A broader range of doses and the administration frequency should be assessed in both the preclinical and clinical studies of 7nAChR ligands

In fact, there is no well-founded scientific evidence to prove its efficacy, and its skin-lightening claims currently hinge on individual case reports or anecdotal evidence

For example, an imbalance in the PPP can result in either excessive or insufficient production of ROS, which can either exacerbate inflammation or impair pathogen clearance (Voma et al., 2014)