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Nat Rev Clin Oncol 10 , 125126, (2013)

These findings suggest that tumor-driven macrophage reprogramming enhances heme degradation and iron release to potentially fuel tumor growth [62] In addition to differences in iron regulatory processes, M1 and M2 macrophages present distinct metabolic programs that determine their function

Additionally, another study confirmed that CU significantly inhibited the overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), reduced lipid peroxidation, and restored MDA levels, which collectively ameliorated neurological deficits, alleviated cerebral vasospasm, and significantly decreased mortality in SAH (Luo et al., 2011)

Methodologically, these investigations often combine biochemical assays of oxidative damage with histological analysis and electron microscopy to evaluate mitochondrial morphology