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71 Interestingly, metabolite profiling of cells treated with Cu ionophore presents a time-dependent increase in the dysregulation of many TCA cycle-associated metabolites, and inhibiting the electron transport chain complexes I and II significantly reduced Cu-induced cell death

In summary, CDC42, derived from neural stem cell-derived exosomes, as well as TIGAR, FTO, and IRP2, contribute to PD pathology by regulating iron homeostasis, ferroptosis, fatty acid metabolism, the antioxidant system, and angiogenesis

Xie et al., 2012)

In addition, lysosomes also participate in this crosstalk by regulating autophagy and mitophagy, processes essential for clearing damaged organelles and maintaining cellular homeostasis (49, 50)