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In the absence of amino acids such as cystine, cells promote translation of ATF4 via the general control non-repressor 2 (GCN2) -eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2a) signaling pathway, which promotes transcription of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and stress response, including SLC7A11, enabling cells to cope with amino acid starvation

Lysosomal hydrolases are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), modified in the Golgi apparatus with mannose 6-phosphate tags, and recognized by mannose 6-P receptor (MPR)

doi: 10.3390/molecules20058742

EAAT1 and 2 are excitatory amino acid transporters responsible for the uptake of glutamate from the synapse into astrocytes for cycling