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While some screens show direct mechanistic links to increased carcinogen-induced cytotoxicity [352,353,354], others report associative findings where gene perturbations correlate with altered stress responses without definitive causal proof [355,356]

This dual push-pull is why the IGF-1Akt axis is considered a master regulator of muscle mass, although its exact role in the adult muscle response to mechanical load is, by the authors own account, less clearly defined than its role in development and regeneration

hippocampus and amygdala) can also modify the HPA axis, as can neuropeptides and neurotransmitters.

SSADH: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase