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In these contexts, astrocytes may shift from a neuroprotective role to one that exacerbates neuronal dysfunction, potentially due to downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key glycolytic enzyme, which impairs lactate shuttling by inhibiting large conductance Ca 2+ activated potassium channel (BK channel)-mediated neuronal hyperpolarization (Yao et al., 2023)

Compounds such as sterol from Codium fragile , -cryptoxanthin from Dunaliella salina , and -carotene and phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis display anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine and cytokine genes, including COX-2 , iNOS , TNF- , IL-1 , and IL-6 , while inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 23,24

Current Knowledge on Beetroot Bioactive Compounds: Role of Nitrate and Betalains in Health and Disease

Enhances the effectiveness of other antioxidants like vitamins C and E