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Although a Statistics Canada population survey published in 2013 found, on average, seniors had only slightly lower levels of B12 than younger adults

The mechanism is purely metabolic: increased energy expenditure , suppressed lipogenesis, and elevated NAD+ levels that activate sirtuins (SIRT1, SIRT3), the same longevity-associated enzymes targeted by caloric restriction

These changes occurred through direct effects on adipocyte biology rather than appetite suppression, as research models maintained normal feeding behavior while exhibiting significant reductions in individual adipocyte size

PA may start as subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency