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However, vegans are not the only ones at risk

IC/BPS, which was originally considered to be a bladder disease, has now been recognized as a chronic pain syndrome

112,113 Furthermore, although NRF2 activators may show positive effects in the short term, the safety and side effects of long-term use still require further investigation

Depleted glutathione by NAPQI leads to increased H 2 O 2 release that oxidizes thioredoxin and induces the disassociation of thioredoxin from apoptosis signalling-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1), triggering self-activation of ASK-1, which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/7 and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Hanawa et al., 2008