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doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199807)23:3 3.0.co;2-7

While new potential neuroimmune pathways are still being discovered [e.g., ( be actively transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), passively diffuse through the BBB via circumventricular organs if present in high enough concentrations, or be detected by chemoreceptors in the afferent (sensory) vagus nerve, which synapses in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of dorsal brainstem ( The process of afferent neuroimmune signaling triggers the sickness response (sometimes called sickness behaviors), a general innate immune system reaction [e.g., ( Cytokine signaling from the peripheral side of the BBB triggers a mirror response of glial activation and cytokine release on the brain side of the BBB ( microglia , tissue-resident macrophages that are capable of detecting danger-associated molecules such as alarmins and mitochondrial DNA, or immune signaling molecules such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines ( activation , and in turn produce their own chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines that can cause the activation and proliferation of nearby glia